54 pages • 1 hour read
A modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
It is spring 1922, and Matilda hates Virgil Morgan from the first moment she sees him. Curtis Creedle needs Dalton Patterson, a sharecropper and Matilda’s father, while Virgil is of no real value to him, so Virgil is cruel to Dalton whenever he can be. Matilda attends school when she isn’t working. Her mother, Teensy, is pregnant, and while Teensy tries to make the best of everything, Dalton is driven by the desire to own land. Dalton owes Creedle money, so he agrees to transport Creedle’s illegal liquor in a wagon with a false bottom and store it under his house for one year to erase the debt. One day, Peggy Creedle arrives with a letter for Matilda. It’s from Matilda’s friend, Lorraine Day—who goes by Rainy—whose family moved to Cleveland, Ohio. Rainy’s great-uncle runs a “Negro newspaper” in Cleveland, and Matilda is planning on joining Rainy’s family in Cleveland shortly after the baby is born. Rainy earns more money doing laundry in a day than Matilda earns picking cotton for a week.
Matilda sees Virgil on her way to Gertie’s, and he’s messing with Stella Mae, a sweet 10-year-old who lives with Gertie and is “not right in the head” (118). Matilda takes Stella Mae inside, and Gertie assures Matilda that she’s got plans for Virgil, by which Matilda understands that Gertie is “hexing” him. Matilda isn’t superstitious, but this makes her laugh.
Matilda tells her parents that she’s planning to leave after the baby comes. Though Teensy raises questions, clearly wanting her daughter to stay, Dalton calls Matilda by her childhood nickname—“Little Bit”—and understands why she wants to go. He knows it’s her chance for a “whole life” rather than a life with only small chances for happiness.
That summer, Gertie reassures Teensy that the pregnancy looks good. Teensy has had three losses since Matilda was born: a miscarriage, a stillborn baby, and a little boy who died the day after he was born. One day, Peggy convinces Matilda to go with her and Leon, Peggy’s brother, to town. Leon is decent and level-headed, while Peggy is impulsive and egocentric. Peggy’s entitlement and privilege irritate Matilda, especially now that Matilda is taking on extra work to save money for Cleveland. Matilda needs to send a letter to Rainy, so she agrees to go. After leaving the post office, she witnesses an interaction between a white man and a young Black couple. The white man demands that they move off the sidewalk and step into the muddy street. The Black man doffs his cap and explains that his wife’s been sick, and these are her only shoes; he doesn’t want her feet to get wet. The white man doesn’t care, and he punches the Black man in the face, breaking his jaw. Matilda steps into the mud to help him and retrieve his beautiful pocket watch, which she hands to his wife. When she turns back, she sees Peggy throw her arms around a man who makes Matilda feel uncomfortable.
The man is Frank Bowers, Peggy’s cousin. He just graduated from law school and plans to work for Creedle for the summer before signing on with a firm in Baltimore. To Peggy, Frank is the “prodigal son,” but his attitude toward Leon reminds Matilda of “Cain and Abel” (143). Matilda keeps working hard, filling her coffee can with her earnings. One day, she sees Frank pilfering bottles of liquor from under the Pattersons’ cottage. He tells her to keep her mouth shut. Another day, Creedle tells Dalton that Frank will start driving half the liquor runs now. Dalton hopes that Frank only stole the one time and won’t do it anymore, and he feels he’s in too far with the operation to back out now.
Matilda shows Leon a fossilized tooth she found in the creek. He identifies it and asks her to show him where she found it. When she expresses her desire to travel as he has, he says that there are female archaeologists, too. Matilda is irritated by his apparent lack of understanding of her status as a Black woman. Peggy finds them digging in the sand and laughing, and she suggests that something is going on between them. Matilda tells Peggy she’s crazy. Creedle arrives, telling Dalton he’ll have to work two years to pay back his debt now that Frank is doing half the work. Matilda realizes that it was never about Dalton’s land lust but, rather, that he wants to protect Teensy from the world. Teensy tells Matilda that the baby will be named Annis, for the sound the wind makes as it passes through the sycamore tree.
Virgil gives Stella Mae a disgusting stuffed rat, telling her it’s a toy, and Matilda slaps it from the girl’s hand. Later, she considers her two enemies, men who hate her, though she did nothing to them. Worse, Virgil knows that Stella Mae is Matilda’s weakness. That night, she pets the dog she calls “Go Away” because she doesn’t want anyone to know that she loves him.
On her way to work, a neighbor’s son tells her she can’t work today, so she grabs a book and goes off to read. She sees the door to an old well-house standing open, then the back end of her father’s wagon partially hidden behind it. Suddenly, Frank appears, pushing a wheelbarrow full of bottles. She tries to look like she doesn’t care, but he spots her and follows her. Frank blackmails her, threatening Dalton and Leon should she tell anyone she saw him. When Frank flicks her skirt up with a stick, she snatches it and strikes him across the hand, drawing blood. He says he won’t tell anyone anything if she keeps her mouth shut, and then he follows her home. She decides to keep the event to herself, as it would weigh too heavily on both Teensy and Dalton.
The next day, Matilda sees Frank and Dalton talking in the yard. When Frank waves, a signal that he’ll keep up his end of their deal if she does, she won’t wave back. She decides she won’t let Frank rob her of her dignity. Gertie checks on Teensy again, and everything looks good. Gertie asks Matilda to find Stella Mae, and she does. The child is sitting in the pasture between Frank Bowers and Virgil Morgan. Virgil is drunk, but Frank seems to be waiting for Matilda, whom he must have heard calling Stella Mae. Matilda understands that Frank is threatening the girl now, in addition to Dalton and Leon. The next day, when Frank waves at her, she grudgingly waves back. At dinner, Dalton says that Frank banished Virgil from the farm, and he’s only allowed back to buy liquor. Matilda understands that Frank is far more dangerous than Virgil.
At church the next Sunday, Matilda can tell by the quiet that something bad has happened. The pastor sends the children outside, and then he highlights Cassie Jones, the woman whose husband would not let her step off the sidewalk that day in town. Her husband, Buddy, died on the eve of his purchasing a parcel of land for his family. His body was found in the river, a gash in his head. Everyone knows it was no accident.
A number of contrasts—between the Morgans and Pattersons, as well as Frank Bowers and Leon Creedle—create a juxtaposition that highlights significant differences among families and individuals and complicates the novel’s setting. While both Ada and Matilda have loving mothers, their fathers couldn’t be more different. This is highlighted by how Virgil and Dalton refer to their children. Virgil referred to Ada as “Daughter” only, never by her first name. Dalton, on the other hand, speaks lovingly to Matilda and even calls her by her childhood nickname, “Little Bit,” when she talks about her plans to leave the Trace. This nickname, clearly a term of endearment, makes Matilda emotional because she loves her father so much. Ada, on the other hand, is reluctant to throw out a pinecone because it ties her to someone in the world other than Virgil. The juxtaposition of these fathers highlights Virgil’s monstrous brutality even more by contrasting it with Dalton’s deeply loving nature. Though Matilda and Ada both see their mothers as somewhat weak—Matilda refers to Teensy’s “meekness” while Ada calls Sylvie a “mouse”—neither criticizes their mother. Matilda understands that Teensy’s past trauma and present emotional needs require her to make her life small, to confine her thoughts to tiny moments of happiness, a view emphasized by Teensy’s very name:
[Matilda’s] mother […] had learned to take joy in a warm slice of strawberry pie or a cooling breeze visiting the porch on a hot day. Teensy held that life was short and she was not about to miss any good thing right in front of her, looking ahead for something that might never be (114).
Ada is also shocked to learn that Sylvie was actually planning an escape for the two of them when she died, and this is why Virgil killed her. Sylvie may have acted like a mouse, just as Ada learned to do, but she was bolder than she seemed. These women’s circumstances and the different ways they choose to deal with their traumatic experiences highlight The Resilience of Women, especially in such difficult situations.
In addition, Matilda’s assessment of Frank Bowers as the “prodigal son” in Peggy’s eyes, while his attitude toward Leon reminds her of “Cain and Abel” (143), emphasizes the strength of her intuition and the vast differences between privileged white men. Her thoughts allude to the biblical story of a father with two sons. The younger son demands his inheritance early and then recklessly spends it all, while the older son is dutiful and loyal. When the younger son returns, their father welcomes him despite his disloyalty and irresponsibility. This allusion paints Frank as the reckless, depraved younger brother who is given a second chance he may not deserve. When she compares the cousins to Cain and Abel, sons of Adam and Eve, she suggests that Frank is like Cain, who jealously murders Abel when God accepts his offering and not Cain’s. Though Frank and Leon are both extremely privileged, Frank is demanding and corrupt, and he’s never satisfied with what he has despite his many opportunities; Leon, on the other hand, has integrity and is so ethical that his father hides the bootleg operation from him. Their juxtaposition highlights the tricky social landscape Matilda must navigate just to survive, especially after she sees Frank stealing from his uncle.
This situation also highlights the difficult choices Matilda is forced to make because of her relative powerlessness. She spends some time trying to decide if she should tell her father that she saw Frank stealing a large quantity of liquor from the well-house. Ultimately, she decides, “She would not say anything to her father about Frank. Not yet. It was a calculated decision in what she was coming to see as a game she could not hope to win, did not care to play, but for all of their sakes, must not lose” (166). She has a complex response to witnessing Frank’s immorality: She knows he’s doing wrong and that her father could suffer the consequences of Frank’s theft. However, Frank has also threatened Matilda’s family, suggesting that he will harm them if she tells anyone what she saw. Her choice to keep quiet suggests The Moral Dilemmas Faced by People on Society’s Margins, as she must determine whether or not to report him, a man who has so much more social privilege and power than she does.
Unlock all 54 pages of this Study Guide
Plus, gain access to 9,100+ more expert-written Study Guides.
Including features: